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［Shimabara-Amakusa Rebellion］ The Shimabara-Amakusa Rebellion was an uprising caused by an alliance of peasants in the southern part of Shimabara Peninsula and Amakusa Islands from 1637 to 1638. More than 20,000 people joined the rebel forces, with Amakusa Shiro as their commander-in-chief. They fought barricaded themselves in Hara Castle but were suppressed by the Shogunate forces.

［Oppression］ Repression is the suppression of an activity by a ruler through power. In the history of Christianity, repression refers to religious persecution using various means to compel people to quit or abandon their faith.

［Tensho embassy to Europe］ In 1582, four Japanese boys (Ito Mancio, Chijiwa Miguel, Nakaura Jurião, and Hara Martinho) were dispatched to Europe as the Tensho embassy on behalf of Omura Sumitada, Otomo Sorin, and Arima Harunobu, all Kirishitan Daimyos (Christian feudal lords.) Those boys had studied at the Arima Seminary, founded by an Italian priest, Father Valignano. They received a great welcome, including an audience with the Pope. They returned to Japan in 1590 after learning about Western music and printing techniques.

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